Defences

Guarding your future starts with getting the best legal representation

Defenses

Defences

Guarding your future starts with getting the best legal representation

legal defences

Protect Your Rights

The criminal justice system is incredibly complex. If you’ve been charged with a criminal or driving offence, getting the best outcome requires expert knowledge of the defences available to you at law. Criminal defences are highly technical and very specific. Each has rules determining when they can be raised, for what charges they are relevant, and under what circumstances they may be successful.

Below is listed various defences available. When planning your defence, your lawyer will work with you to discover if a defence applies to your case and if raising it will be a successful strategy for your case.

To learn more about criminal defences, click on the links below for more specific information.

It’s vital that before you consider your plea or what defences might apply to your case, you seek expert legal advice. If you have been charged with an offence or are under investigation, contact Garde Wilson Lawyers immediately for a free, no obligation consultation to discuss your options.

Charged with a Criminal Offence
or Under Investigation?

Charged with a Criminal Offence or Under Investigation?

Getting the best legal representation is the best way to secure a positive outcome. If you’ve been charged with a criminal offence or are under investigation, Garde Wilson Lawyers are here to help.

Don’t delay. Contact us now for a free consultation to discuss your case, receive immediate advice and improve your chances of getting life back to normal, faster.

TESTIMONIALS

What Our
Clients
Are Saying?

What Our Client Are Saying?

“Very helpful and confident attitude highly recommend just got the job done with a great result”

Mark Aravanis

6 March 2025

“I have no words to express my gratitude to Mitch Fraser, Zara and Ryan they all are amazing criminal lawyers. After living...” Read more

Dashmesh Singh

1 March 2025

“Very much appreciate this team, absolute stars. I was put into a very one sided legal predicament where it seemed like the deck...” Read more

Marc Primrose

27 February 2025

“Absolutely trust Mitch and the team at Garde Wilson Criminal Lawyers, they were instrumental in keeping my licence and...” Read more

Rob Costanzo

24 February 2025

“Forever grateful for this team Especially Mitch & Jack who are true professionals and were able to help secure a win for my case...” Read more

Zenon Chaskaris

17 January 2025

“I cannot express enough Grattitude to the team at Garde-Wilson Lawyers. Not only did they achieve a fantastic result...” Read more

Shehan Rajanayagam

09 January 2025

“Just sharing here my sincere endorsement of Mitch Fraser and the entire team at Garde Wilson. Mitch is the front man of client...” Read more

Damian West

06 January 2025

“I would highly recommend this firm Mitch and ray have been amazing if they say they will be there they will be....” Read more

Robert Smiley

02 January 2025

“By far the best legal advice and help I've had in a long time. These guys are worth every cent And family type service too Thanks heaps”

Ben

30 December 2024

“I am incredibly grateful for their professionalism, dedication, and compassion in handling my case. Thanks to their expertise...” Read more

ahmed adhil

29 December 2024

“Absolutely amazing, the best outcome that I could of imagined, Mitch was so supportive, highly recommend”

Jed Earle

15 December 2024

“Mitch and the Team at Garde Wilson provided exceptional second to none service, they were extremely professional and comforting...” Read more

Celeste Earle

11 December 2024

“I had the privilege of working with Garde Wilson Criminal Lawyers during a very difficult time, and I cannot...” Read more

Vishal

01 December 2024

“Thank you to Mitch and team. You achieved the impossible, great outcome. Highly recommend if anyone requires representation.”

Andre Spiteri

9 August 2023

“Wow! This team are incredible! With 48hrs notice Mitch had my partner sorted and had barrister Hazel appear on his behalf today...” Read more

Rel KC

17 November 2023

“I had the privilege of being represented by MITCH AND ZARAH AT GARDE WILSON LAWYERS as my defence lawyer.”

Sachin Sachdeva

6 October 2023

“I am very pleased with my experience, they are very professional and they did a very well job to support me all through my case.”

Baljinder Singh

11 August 2023

“I will highly recommend them to my friends or family if in need. Mitch was there at every step with the barristers.”

Harman SIngh

9 August 2023

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Legal Defences

Automatism

The defence of automatism is used to protect the accused from being charged for offences committed while they are unable to control their behaviour due to a ‘disease of the mind’.

Automatism

For an accused to be found guilty and convicted of a crime, the prosecution must prove at the accused was in full control of their actions and was acting voluntarily.

Automatism refers to interferences in normal functioning where a person’s actions can no longer be considered voluntary; however are not the product of duress (being forced by another person) or necessity (a matter of survival). When an offence is committed in the state of automatism, it means the person engaged in the act is not in control of their actions or behaviours.

There are two categories of automatism: sane automatism and insane automatism.

Sane automatism exists when a person’s conduct is caused by a non-recurrent mental malfunction which causes them to lose control over their actions and ability to make decisions. For the defence of sane automatism to be raised, the accused must show that their actions were caused by some external factor, that their actions were unintentional or involuntary, and that their actions were not the result of a mental illness, but rather a non-recurrent mental malfunction.

Furthermore, for this defence to be raised, it must be shown that the non-recurrent mental malfunction was not the result of deliberate intoxication. Examples of sane automatism include offences committed during sleep walking, under the influence of anaesthetic, or actions resulting from the onset of a severe psychological trauma or shock.

The defence of insane automatism refers to actions performed while a ‘disease of the mind’ is present. This can mean a mental illness, disorder, or change in functioning caused by a disease which negatively impacts the ability of the accused to act voluntarily.

When this defence is raised, the defendant must show that they were suffering from a ‘disease of the mind’ at the time of the act, and that the due to this illness or disease, the accused did not comprehend the wrongful nature of what they were doing.

Legal Defences

Charges are

Statute Barred

The defence of automatism is used to protect the accused from being charged for offences committed while they are unable to control their behaviour due to a ‘disease of the mind’.

Charges are Statute Barred
You may have heard the term, statutes of limitations . What is actually referred by this is the legal defence of charges being barred by statute. This defence is grounded in the principle that it is disadvantageous or unfair for a person to defend a criminal charge after a certain time has passed. This is particularly important in cases where evidence, such as memories or recollections of witnesses, can erode over time and become less reliable.

For some criminal offences, there are strict time limits set by law on how long after an offence has been committed that police are permitted to wait before pressing charges. For those offences, it is unlawful for someone to be charge after the time limit set by law has passed.

These limits depend largely on how serious the offence is, however for many summary offences they can be as low as one year.

Legal Defences

Claim of Right

A claim of right exists when the accused honestly believes they were legally entitled to property which has become the focus of a criminal charge.

Claim of Right - Defences

A claim of right defence is raised for property offences where the accused honestly believed they were legally entitled to the property.

This defence asserts that the accused was under the honest belief, even though mistaken, that they had a legal right to an item they are accused of unlawfully owning or possessing and that they were simply exercising what they believed to be a legal possessory or proprietary right.

For this defence to be raised, the claim of right of legal entitlement must be honestly held, and it is the responsibility defendant to prove that the belief was an honest one. The defendant does not need to prove that the belief was reasonable; however the reasonableness of the belief does become relevant when the court determines how plausible the assertion of honesty of belief is.

Legal Defences

Consent

This defence is used primarily in cases where absence of consent is required; specifically for crimes of a sexual nature.

Consent - Defences
The law defines consent as free agreement . In cases where consent needs to be established, the prosecution must prove, beyond reasonable doubt, that the acts of the accused were nonconsensual and that the accused was aware of it being non-consensual.

The defence of consent is used where the absence of consent is an element to determining whether a criminal offence has occurred or not. This is most often the case in sexual offence cases, where the absence of consent contributes to allegations of rape or sexual assault.

In matters of crimes of a sexual nature, there are instances where the law will automatically consider a person unable to give consent. The provision and gaining of consent is a highly complex issue, and while the Crimes Act 1958 (Vic)
provides a list of these instances where legal consent cannot be given, it should not be considered exhaustive and is constantly evolving.

Circumstances in which a person does not consent to a sexual act include:

  • Where a person is incapable of understanding the sexual nature of the act;
  • Where a person is mistaken about the sexual nature of the act;
  • When a person is asleep or unconscious;
  • When having given consent, a person later withdraws their consent to the sexual act taking place or continuing;
  • When a person is so affected by alcohol or another drug as to render them unable of providing consent to the act;
  • When a person submits to the act because they fear harm of any kind to themselves, someone else, or to an animal.

Legal Defences

Duress

To be found guilty of a criminal charge, the accused must have acted voluntarily and with the specific intent of committing a crime.

Duress - Defences

The defence of duress exists to protect people who are charged with an offence committed under threat of harm, either to themselves or another person, and the act was performed to avoid the threatened harm.

The law establishes that for the defence of duress to be raised, the threat of harm must be ‘present and continuing, imminent and impending’. For the defence of duress to be upheld, the accused must demonstrate through evidence that at the time of committing the act, they were responding to a physical threat of harm or reprisal if they did not perform the offending act.

While the defence of duress is an absolute defence for most criminal charges, in the case of murder, the accused must show that accused was threatened with being killed or seriously injured.

The evidentiary burden of proof for duress lies with the accused, meaning it is up to the person charged with an offence and claiming the presence of duress to prove they were, in fact, acting only because of the presence of a threat of harm.

Once raised, it is up to the prosecution to then disprove the presence of duress. They will be successful if they can prove:

  • There was no threat of harm to the accused or someone under their responsibility if they did not commit the crime they are charged with;

  • The threat of harm to the accused or someone they were responsible for was not ‘present, continuing, imminent and impending’;

  • The accused did not reasonably believe that the threat of harm would be carried out if they did not commit the crime they are charged with;

  • The accused voluntarily exposed themselves to duress through their actions;

  • The accused could safely have prevented the execution of the threat of harm;

  • The accused could have safely refused to yield to the threat of harm and the performance of the criminal act.

Legal Defences

Factual Dispute

Pleading guilty to a charge does not necessarily mean accepting the facts of the case as presented by the prosecution.

Factual Dispute - Defences

To be found guilty of an offence, the circumstances, facts and evidence used by the prosecution and police must be accurate and true. Where they are not, an opportunity arises to negotiate with the prosecutor, because by exposing this discrepancy before the court will seriously jeopardise both their reputation and the strength of their case.

If the prosecution refuses to negotiate, you may be able to raise the matter before a ‘disputed facts hearing’. In such a hearing, it is not the accused guilt or innocence of the accused which is contested, rather the accuracy and truthfulness of the evidence used by the prosecutor is assessed.

If it is found that the facts used by police are inaccurate, untrue, or incomplete, the court may refuse to allow them to be used and significantly reduce the strength of the prosecutor’s case, or result in charges being dropped altogether.

Legal Defences

Honest Mistake of Belief

An honest mistake of belief exists when the accused holds a reasonable but mistaken belief that their actions are lawful at the time of the offence.

Honest Mistake  of Belief - Defences

To be found guilty of a criminal offence in Victoria, it must be found that the accused acted with ‘criminal intent’ when committing the act, or that they honestly believed they were entitled to act the way they did. This defence is raised then the accused in fact held an honest and reasonably held belief that their actions did not contravene the law.

This defence may also be used when a person is charged with ‘strict liability’ offences, where the prosecution does not need to prove the accused intended to commit the offence, such as driving charges or dealing with property suspected of being the proceeds of crime.

The defence of honest mistake of belief is raised when the accused holds a reasonable, but mistaken belief at the time of committing the offence. It is then up to the accused to prove that:

The mistaken belief was honestly held and the accused was not merely ignorant of the law or negligent in their conduct

The mistaken belief was reasonable and rational, and capable of sustained belief; given the circumstances the accused was in at the time of the offence.

If the prosecution is unable to show that they accused was not honestly mistaken, or that their mistake was not reasonable, the accused will be acquitted.

Legal Defences

Impossibility

An honest mistake of belief exists when the accused holds a reasonable but mistaken belief that their actions are lawful at the time of the offence.

Impossibility - Defences

The defence of impossibility may be raised when it is physically, factually, or legally impossible for the accused to have committed the crime they have been charged with.

Physical impossibility exists where it is physically impossible for the accused to have committed the offence. This can arise in circumstances where the accused is physically incapable, for instance due to physical incapacity such as an injury or medical condition, of committing the crime they are charged with.

Factual impossibility arises when the facts used by the prosecution rest on claims of fact that are inaccurate or false. This is relevant in cases where the accused can prove they were at a difference place at the time when the offence happened. This is commonly referred to as an ‘alibi’.

Legal impossibility refers to facts which make it impossible for a person to be charged for an offence under the law. For example, a defence of legal impossibility may be raised if a person is charged with handling stolen goods, and the goods are in fact not stolen.

Legal Defences

Intoxication

While not a defence against criminal charges, intoxication can be significant in a jury’s assessment of whether all the elements of a crime existed.

Intoxication - Defences

Intoxication can be relevant when dealing with offences which can only be proven if the court is satisfied that the accused intended to commit a crime. When a person is charged with an offence of intent, it is up to the prosecution to prove that the accused acted intentionally and intended a specific result.

Examples of specific intent offences are:

  • Homicide or Murder, where the accused must have intended to kill the victim
  • Theft, where the accused must have intended to permanently deprive someone of their property
  • Fraud, where the accused must have intended to deceive another party and gain through that deception
  • Intentionally causing serious injury, where the accused must have deliberately assaulted a victim with the intent of causing a serious injury.

When the defence of intoxication is raised, it is the responsibility of the accused to prove that due to their intoxication, they were not acting voluntarily and thus did not intend to commit an offence.

In such cases, the court will compare their actions to that of a ‘reasonable sober person’ to determine whether their intoxication impaired their judgement and ability to form intention.

Legal Defences

Lack of Intent

To be found guilty of a criminal offence, the prosecution must prove that the accused committed an offence with specific intent of committing a crime.

Lack of Intent - Defences

Intent is a vital element of many criminal offences. Lack of intent can be raised when a person charged with an offence can show their actions were involuntarily, unintentional, or caused by unforeseeable circumstances.

According to Victorian criminal law, for an act to be intentional, it must:

  • Be voluntary and one the accused means to be engaged in;
  • Be founded on circumstances which are foreseeable and which the accused believes exist or will exist;
  • Result in outcomes which are intended by accused and which will come about in the ordinary course of events.

Lack of intent is not a defence according to Victorian legislation or criminal law, however it is raised as an alternative explanation to the prosecutor’s argument. Examples where lack of intent may be relevant include charges of assault or murder, where the actions of the accused result in the serious injury or death of another person.

For instance, if a person tripped and fell, causing injury to another person, their conduct does not include the intent necessary to warrant a charge of assault.

Accordingly, if a person charged with murder was acting recklessly or negligently, and did not intend the death of another person, their charge may be downgraded to manslaughter.

Legal Defences

Mental Impairment

For criminal intent to be established, the ability of the judgement of the accused must not be impaired or diminished due to a ‘disease of the mind’.

Mental Impairment - Defences

The defence of mental impairment is a statutory defence, legislated under section 20 of the Crimes Act 1997 (Vic) and is used when an accused is afflicted by a mental disorder, disturbance or disease that causes them to not know what they are doing, or not know that what they are doing is wrong.

When deciding a criminal case, courts assume that all people have the ability to make rational decisions and are aware of the outcomes of their actions. When raised, the defence of mental impairment acts to show this assumption does not apply.

To successfully rebut the presumption of sanity and show mental impairment beyond reasonable doubt, the accused my show that at the time of offending, their mental impairment caused them to:

  • Not know the nature of what they were doing or appreciate the consequences of their behaviour;
  • Not know that their conduct was wrong or unlawful.

Furthermore, it must be proven that this state was caused by a ‘disease of the mind’, which in Victorian law includes, but is not limited to:

  • Brain injuries
  • Tumours
  • Schizophrenia
  • Psychomotor epilepsy
  • Hyperglycaemia
  • Cerebral arteriosclerosis

Legal Defences

Self Defence

The defence of self-defence may be used to defence a range of criminal offences when protecting yourself, your property, or another person.

Self Defence - Defences

In Victoria, self-defence is governed by statute under the Crimes Act 1958. While previously the statutory defence of self-defence was only available for murder and manslaughter, in 2014 the Act was amended to provide a single self-defence provision for all offences.

According to section 322K of the Crimes Act:

  1. A person is not guilty of an offence if the person carries out the conduct constituting the offence in self-defence.
  2. A person carries out conduct in self-defence if:
  • They believe that the conduct is necessary in self-defence; and
  • Their conduct is a reasonable response in the circumstances as the person perceives them.

For the defence of self-defence to be raised, the accused must successfully prove that they held the genuine belief that their actions were necessary to prevent harm either to themselves or another person in their responsibility, or deprivation of their property. It does not matter what a ‘reasonable person’ might have believed in the circumstances, rather what matters is that the accused honestly believed their actions were necessary, even if that belief was mistaken.

If the court is satisfied that the accused honestly believed their actions were necessary, it must then consider whether their actions were reasonable and proportionate in the circumstances. While this is an objective test, it must take into account the subjective experience of the accused within the context of their circumstances. This includes their personal attributes and history, and how this may have informed their perceptions of the circumstances.

Legal Defences

Sudden Or Extraordinary Emergency

This defence can be raised where a person commits an offence only due to the fact they were compelled by a threat or sudden emergency.

Sudden Or Extraordinary Emergency - Defences
In Victoria, this defence is legislated under Section 322R of the Crimes Act 1958. The provision states that a person is not guilty for an offence committed in circumstances where to not do so would result in serious harm or injury to either themselves or someone under their responsibility.

For this defence to apply, the accused must prove the following:

  • they held an honest and reasonable belief that circumstances of sudden or extraordinary emergency existed;
  • they believed their conduct was the only reasonable way to deal with the circumstances of sudden or extraordinary emergency;
  • their conduct was reasonable given the circumstances of – sudden or extraordinary emergency they faced.

If the defence of sudden or extraordinary emergency is raised, it is then up to the prosecution to show that the actions were unreasonable in the circumstances beyond reasonable doubt.

What Our Clients Are Saying?

testimonials

Vishal

01 December 2024

I had the privilege of working with Garde Wilson Criminal Lawyers during a very difficult time, and I cannot recommend them highly enough. From the moment I reached out, their team demonstrated professionalism, expertise, and a deep understanding of criminal law.

They took the time to thoroughly explain the legal process and ensured I felt informed and supported every step of the way.

The attorneys at this firm are not only highly skilled but also compassionate, which made a huge difference in my experience.

Thanks to their hard work and dedication, my case was resolved favorably. If you’re in need of experienced and trustworthy criminal defense lawyers, I highly recommend Mitch and their team.

What Our Clients Are Saying?

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Dashmesh Singh

1 March 2025

I have no words to express my gratitude 🙏 to Mitch Fraser, Zara and Ryan they all are amazing criminal lawyers. After living 30 years of my life in Australia I dealt with many lawyers in my career but at last I found Mr Mitch Fraser who saved my life.

I was expecting jail sentence and I was innocent for the Domestic violence charges but at last Mitch Fracer and Zara they got me out clean without conviction which was unbelievable. I have never seen any lawyers like them in my life. If I say it I mean it.

I strongly say if Garde Wilson criminal Lawyers can’t save your Reputation, dignity and freedom to happy life by winning your case then no one can they are the best In Australia, unbelievable achievement and As we all know the Moorabbin court is a hard winning court where magistrates are very very strict but now I am highly convinced and thankful to Mitch Fraser and Zara who saved my life and they have fought till end for me, I have to say this law firm don’t chase dollars they are more focused to support And give you the most possible and positive outcome , they have good Barrister, Zara is Amazing Conclusion of my Review if you don’t seek legal advise from the Garde Wilson then you are playing with your life I highly recommend Garde Wilson Criminal defence lawyers if they can’t give you good Result then don’t waste your time with other law firms
Only one solution to your Problems that is Garde Wilson Criminal Defence lawyers
Therefore don’t waste your time with other lawyers you need someone who trust you and can protect you
Thanks once again Garde Wilson Lawyers I can’t pay your Debt all my life you are the best and number one law firm.

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Marc Primrose

27 February 2025

Very much appreciate this team, absolute stars. I was put into a very one sided legal predicament where it seemed like the deck was loaded against me injustly. As soon as Garde got involved the tables turned and they were able to blast through all of the incompetency and bring the facts and reality to the surface and correct the power imbalance like it was nothing.

Therefore delivering me the best possible outcomes to re store my peace of mind.

Ultimately I believe bringing this firm onboard was the difference between regaining my life or without them being bullied into accepting false charges. Special shout out to Ray, Mitch and Zarah I can not thank you enough for the amount of stress you took off my shoulders. Top tier 👌

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Rob Costanzo

24 February 2025

Absolutely trust Mitch and the team at Garde Wilson Criminal Lawyers, they were instrumental in keeping my licence and no conviction recorded in my loss of traction case. I hopefully won’t ever need them again, but if I do, they will be my first call

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Zenon Chaskaris

17 January 2025

Forever grateful for this team
Especially Mitch & Jack who are true professionals and were able to help secure a win for my case.

I have had my fair share of lawyers and Barrister’s and this team by far is the best I’ve ever come across.

Thank you again for your help 🙏🏽

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Shehan Rajanayagam

09 January 2025

I cannot express enough Grattitude to the team at Garde-Wilson Lawyers. Not only did they achieve a fantastic result (withdrawal of all charges), but as importantly and appreciated, the entire team; Mitch, Zarah and Ray, treated me with such compassion and empathy, helped me not only in a legal sense but also on a personal level to assist me in dealing with the stress of the matter, and have been nothing short of extraordinary in every respect.

I would like to thank and credit the entire team not only for resolving this matter, but I genuinely credit them with changing my perspective on a lot of things in life and motivating me to pursue my goals and ambitions, in a sense i feel a sense of obligation to them to become the best version of myself.

I consider both my interactions with the firm as well as the outstanding outcome as life changing both in the result and the impact it has had on me personally.

As a law student i underwent immense stress, depression and anxiety which initially made me a difficult client to deal with but even still, Garde-Wilson helped me through it, showed nothing but compassion and had my best interest at heart, for this I will be forever grateful.

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Damian West

06 January 2025

Just sharing here my sincere endorsement of Mitch Fraser and the entire team at Garde Wilson. Mitch is the front man of client engagement.

 

From the second I met Mitch, I knew I had found a true ally and advocate in what was a messy and unfair situation. The end-to-end support and coordination provided by Mitch and the firm was pure class. I cannot recommend highly enough!

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Robert Smiley

02 January 2025

I would highly recommend this firm

 

Mitch and ray have been amazing if they say they will be there they will be.

 

Our barrister Sarah was just amazing and myself and my family can’t thank them enough as we got the out come needed.

 

Thanking you all.

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ahmed adhil

29 December 2024

Review for [mitch Fraser ,ray raheem,Lachlan hocking/ Garde Wilson team

I am incredibly grateful for their professionalism, dedication, and compassion in handling my case. Thanks to their expertise, I was able to secure a diversion outcome, which has given me a second chance to move forward without a criminal record.

From the beginning, Mitch and ray explained the legal process clearly, addressed all my concerns, and guided me every step of the way. They not only understood the legal aspects of my case but also showed genuine care for my well-being and future.

Their ability to present my case effectively and advocate on my behalf was exceptional. I highly recommend [mitch, Lal Lachlan and team/Garde Wilson lawyers to anyone seeking legal representation—they are thorough, knowledgeable, and truly committed to achieving the best possible outcome for their clients.

Thank you again for your incredible support during such a challenging time.

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Celeste Earle

11 December 2024

Mitch and the Team at Garde Wilson provided exceptional second to none service, they were extremely professional and comforting at a time of great stress. The level of experience, skills and knowledge was evident from our first appointment, the positive outcome we received would not have been possible without them.

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Rel KC

17 November 2023

Wow! This team are incredible!
With 48hrs notice Mitch had my partner sorted and had barrister Hazel appear on his behalf today to finally put an end to completely unjust continuation of AVOs for 12yrs.

Not only were they completely dedicated and across all details, Hazel had the ability to get the applicant to finally withdraw their frivolous continued applications.
Money well spent.

If you want the best, We can not recommend this firm and it’s incredible team high enough.

Thankyou to all involved in getting the very best of results for my partner today.